Shortness of breath, chest discomfort, dizziness, fainting spells, unexplained fatigue, swelling of the legs or abdomen, or a fast or irregular heartbeat may indicate a heart or valve problem. If these symptoms appear or worsen, it is important to consult a cardiologist early. Early diagnosis often means safer and more effective treatment.

Severity is assessed using heart ultrasound (echocardiography), CT scans, and sometimes cardiac catheterization. These tests measure how narrow the valve is, how well the heart pumps, and whether the heart is under strain. Decisions are made based on symptoms, test results, and overall health.

Before deciding on a valve procedure, your doctor will recommend a set of tests to understand how your heart is functioning and to plan the safest treatment for you. These typically include an echocardiogram to assess the valve and heart function, and a CT angiogram of the heart and aorta to accurately measure the valve, check the anatomy, and plan the procedure in detail. Many patients also undergo coronary angiography, or in selected cases a CT coronary angiogram, to look for blockages in the heart arteries. Additional evaluations such as an electrocardiogram, blood tests to assess kidney function and overall health, and in some situations a dental evaluation, help reduce risks and ensure the best possible outcome. Your cardiologist will personalize these tests based on your age, medical condition, and previous treatments.

Eligibility depends on valve anatomy, overall health, age, prior surgeries, and risk of complications from open surgery. A dedicated heart team reviews test results and discusses the best option tailored to each patient.

For many elderly or high-risk patients, TAVI is often safer, with faster recovery and shorter hospital stay. For some younger or lower-risk patients, surgery may still be preferred. The decision is individualized.

Studies show excellent outcomes for many patients, with durable results extending beyond ten to fifteen years in several groups. Research continues, and patient selection remains important.

Yes. Younger patients, those needing multiple heart repairs, or those with certain valve types may benefit more from surgery. The heart team recommends the safest and most effective path.

In many cases, yes. TAVI is often preferred because it avoids reopening the chest. However, careful planning and imaging are essential.

Most patients feel very little discomfort. TAVI is usually performed under conscious sedation or light anesthesia, and pain control is excellent.

Not always. Many procedures are done under mild sedation while you remain comfortable and relaxed.

Possible risks include bleeding, stroke, injury to the blood vessels, kidney problems, heart rhythm disturbances, or the need for a pacemaker. Serious complications are uncommon. At experienced centers, careful planning and the expertise of an interventional cardiologist with ample experience in performing TAVI greatly reduce risk, and most issues can be anticipated and managed. Every step is taken with patient safety and reassurance at the center of care.

The duration depends on the patient and the complexity of the procedure. In most cases it takes about 60 to 90 minutes, and in some situations it may take longer. Many patients sit up within a few hours and walk the next day. The goal is always to work with precision while keeping the patient comfortable and confident.

In most cases, patients do not need a blood transfusion because TAVI avoids open surgery and usually results in minimal blood loss. However, in certain complex situations, a small transfusion may be required for safety.

Most TAVI patients return home in 3–4 days and resume normal activities within one to two weeks. Open Heart Surgery generally requires several weeks of recovery.

Light activities can begin within days. Walking is encouraged. Heavy lifting and strenuous activity should wait until your doctor approves.

Heart-healthy living matters: regular walking, quitting smoking, blood pressure control, diabetes control, and heart-healthy eating. Your doctor will guide you.

Most patients need antiplatelet medications for a period decided by their cardiologist. Some may require additional blood thinners depending on other conditions.

Current data suggest durability comparable to surgical valves, with excellent function seen beyond ten to fifteen years in many patients. Follow-up is essential.

Yes. In many cases, another valve can be placed within the first one, known as “valve-in-valve.”

Many can. Procedures are carefully planned to minimize risk, and kidney-protective strategies are used.

TAVI is often recommended for patients above sixty years and for those who may not be ideal candidates for major surgery. It offers an effective option that can improve symptoms and quality of life while avoiding the stress of traditional surgery. Each patient is assessed individually to ensure the decision is right for them.

Many private insurers and some government programs offer coverage, depending on eligibility. The hospital team helps guide insurance approvals.

Costs vary based on valve type, hospital, and patient condition. A detailed estimate is provided after evaluation.

Regular physical activity, heart-healthy diet, maintaining healthy weight, avoiding tobacco, controlling cholesterol, blood sugar, and blood pressure, managing stress, and regular follow-ups.

Focus on fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy oils. Limit salt, sugar, red meat, fried foods, and packaged snacks. Omega-3-rich foods, fiber, and nuts support cholesterol control.